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Nanoparticles An Overview

Nanoparticles are sub-nano-sized colloidal structures composed of synthetic or semi-synthetic polymers.
Its size ranges from 1-100nm.
One can distinguish two types  of nanoparticles
1.Nanospheres
2.Nanocapsule

Nanospheres - matrix systems.
Nanocapsules - which are reservoir systems composed of a polymer membrane surrounding an oily or aqueous core.


Advantages of Nanoparticles:
Ā·         More uniform effect of the drug
Ā·         Reduction in the frequency of the dosages
Ā·         Site specific targeting
Ā·         Various routes of administration
Ā·         Better drug utilization and less side effects
Disadvantages of Nanoparticles:
•       High cost
•       Productivity more difficult
•       Reduced ability to adjust the dose
•       Highly sophisticated technology
•       Requires skills to manufacture
•       Difficult to maintain stability of dosage form.
Polymers used in preparation of nanoparticles:
NATURAL HYDROPHILIC
Eg: proteins
       Polysaccharides
SYNTHETIC HYDROPHOBIC
Eg: polyesters          
       Polystyrene

Methods of preparation
A:  Amphiphilic  Macromolecules Cross Linking
1) Heat crosslinking.
2) Chemical crosslinking.
B: Polymerization  Methods 
1) Emulsion polymerization
2) Dispersion polymerization
3) Interfacial condensation polymerization
4) Interfacial complexation
C : Polymer precipitation methods
1) Solvent evaporation method
2) Solvent displacement
3) Salting out
A : Molecular crosslinking in emulsion
B : Polymerization Methods:
Emulsion polymerization :
It consists of
a) Micellar nucleation and polymerization :
     Monomer is insoluble in continuous phase.(O/W phase)
     Aqueous phase

b)Homogenous nucleation and polymerization :
     Monomer is soluble in continuous phase.(W/O phase)  
      Organic phase.
Dispersion polymerization:
Interfacial polymer condensation:
C : Polymer Precipitation Methods:
The polymer precipitation occurs as a consequence of solvent evaporation which can be brought about by increasing solubility of organic solvent in external medium by adding alcohol (Eg. Isopropanolol)
  They are 3 types
  1. Solvent evaporation method
  2. Solvent displacement
  3. Salting out
1.       Solvent Evaporation Method
   2. Solvent Displacement Method
3. Salting out of Polymer:

                                                                             

Evaluation of nanoparticles
1.         Paricle size :
Ā·           Photon correlation spectroscopy(PCS) : For smaller particle.
Ā·           Laser diffractometric : For larger particle.
Ā·           Electron microscopy (EM) : Required coating of conductive material such as gold & limited to dry sample.
Ā·           Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) : Easier method & Permits differntiation among nanocapsule & nanoparticle .
Ā·           Atomic force microscope
Ā·           Laser force microscope
Ā·           Scanning electron microscope

2.Density :
  Helium or air using a gas pycnometer
  Density gradiant centrifugation
3. Molecular weight :
    Gel permeation chromatography using refractive index detector.
 4. Structure & Crystallinity :
    X-ray diffraction Thermoanalytical method such as,
         1) Differential scanning calorimetry
         2) Differential thermal analysis
         3) Thermogravimetry
5. Surface charge:
    Surface charge of particle can be determined by measuring particle velocity in electrical field.
6. Invitro release :
   Diffusion cell
   Recently introduced modified Ultra-filtration tech.
   Media used : phosphate buffer

7. Nanoparticle yield  
% yield=          (Actual weight of product)
                      ______________________                  X 100
                 (Total weight of excipient and Drug)












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